Studio Production Essay Example for Free

Studio Production Essay With academic reference, research and analyse what your studio role involves both technically and creatively from pre production to production of a studio programme. And with reference to your team’s studio programme, discuss your role and how you contributed. Introduction The purpose of the â€Å"Studio Production† module was to produce a live studio programme in a team, starting from the pre-production stages right through to the live studio broadcast. Each member of the team was assigned a studio role that they would carry out throughout the course. The different roles available will be discussed in more detail later. Television studios supply the appropriate environment and coordination for making live studio programmes. Everything that goes on within a studio can be properly controlled and gives you the opportunity to get the best use out of the equipment; such as cameras, lighting and sound etc. Television studios are convenient and spacious enough to create sets and hold an audience. The audience are often there to interact; either by asking questions, or simply to laugh in the right places and give the presenter(s) someone to bounce off. Live studio programmes generally come as daytime or late night chat shows or discussion programmes. Research Daytime television has programmes such as: Ready, Steady, Cook, Paul O’Grady, This Morning and Loose Women. The media is the biggest cause for stereotyping, and daytime television is usually directed more towards women, who stereotypically are the ones at home in the day, whilst the man is at work. They are also for students and OAP’s who are also thought to be at home watching television. As these programmes are intended for the daytime, the content of these programmes must be suitable to be shown before the watershed. Late night television programmes are on after the watershed, so are allowed to be more risque. These programmes usually consist of a presenter, guests and some debates for factual or entertainment value. Friday Night With Jonathan Ross, Match of the Day, Parkinson and the Friday Night Project are all examples of late night shows. Discussion shows like Jeremy Kyle, Trisha Goddard and Question Time are often on during the day too, again its target audience being women, students and pensioners. There is usually a presenter who raises three or four different news or topical issues that are discussed, or problems are solved. There are many different roles that need to be undertaken in order to make a live studio programme: †¢Producer – they create the show and are responsible for the studio equipment and crew, as well as the content and timing of the programme. †¢Director – it is their visual input that makes the programme what you see. They are responsible for the overall flow of the programme, the shots, what cameras and graphics are to be used and to direct the crew. Vision Mixer – they are responsible for the output of the live programme. The director instructs what shots and graphics are needed and when and how they are transitioned, whilst the vision mixer gets it done. †¢Presenter – the one who delivers it all to the audience, reading from the autocue and adlibbing. †¢Scriptwriters – they write the programme script , so often the producer, presenter and prompt operator will be involved in the scriptwriting process. †¢VT Graphics – Graphics, titles and Astons are all designed and created for the programme. The VT’s are the videos used as cutaways in the programme to essentially give the presenter a break and to possibly change the scenery/area. Both work closely with the vision mixer. †¢Lighting – lights up the set, presenters and guests accordingly. †¢Sound – testing sound and responsible for the audio set-up. There are usually two sound engineers working on one programme. †¢Camera Operator – operates the camera. The director tells them what shot they want and the camera operator generates it, quickly framing and focusing on the person/object. A basic studio programme would have at least three or four cameras. †¢Floor Manager – manages the studio floor and making sure everyone is where they are supposed to be, controls the audience and passes on instructions to the presenter and guests on the programme. †¢Prompt Operator – inputs the script into the autocue, runs the autocue for the presenter to read. A daytrip to London’s Leicester Square Studio to watch TRL was organised, in order to get a feel of a live studio programme in transmission. Vision Mixing Vision mixing is similar to editing, only in real-time, as you are editing for a live studio programme, so you only have one chance to get it right. Once a moment has passed you cannot get it back, so timing and initiative are extremely important qualities to ensure for being a vision mixer. Like post-production editing, the cuts between takes want to look seamless and subtle, not clunky and obvious. The aim of the vision mixer is to follow the action. Viewers do not want to look at a shot of an inanimate person whilst someone else talks, they want to see who it is doing the talking. The vision mixer listens to what shots the director wants and how they want the cuts to look, and it is their job to bring the directors instructions to life. There are two main screens the vision mixer needs to be aware of: the â€Å"preview screen† and the â€Å"programme screen†. The preview screen shows what will need to go live next. Such as if camera 2 or a VT needs fading in, then it should be displayed ready to fade in on the preview screen. The programme screen shows what is currently being broadcast. A For-A VPS-700 Ginga Video Production System was used as the video switcher for the studio programme. It is a 12 input switcher, allowing for: 3 camera channels, 2 VT playback channels, a graphics fill key, an internal still store and also internal matte generators. Along the bottom of the switcher are two rows of thirteen numbered buttons (numbered 1-12, for the twelve inputs). These numbers represent a channel input that is being used for recording. For example, Camera 1 will generally be fed through button 1. Camera 2 is on 2, Camera 3 is on button 3 etc. The very first button on the row is â€Å"Black† which brings up an empty black screen. This is used to begin and end a programme: â€Å"fade to black†. The top row of buttons represents the ‘live’ buttons and when in use, will be lit in red. Red means â€Å"Live†. Whatever button is on here will be being shown on the programme screen. The bottom set of buttons will be what is displayed on the preview screen, and the buttons will light up in yellow, meaning they are ready to go live. There were six screens in the gallery that were assigned to channels on the switcher, so the first six channel inputs (the most used ones) were easy to view, without needing to set them up on the preview screen: 1. Camera 1 2. Camera 2 3. Camera 3 4. VT 1 5. VT 2 6. Graphics The transitions that could be used to edit between shots are cuts, mixes or fades. There are also many effects that the For-A VPS-700 Ginga could do. The come under wipes, digital video effects and downstream keys. Wipes do not manipulate the video source and are used by an inbuilt key. They can be used for graphic transitions, but are not ideal for live television productions as look quite juvenile. Digital video effects (DVE’s) can make picture-in-picture effects and change the position of the frame. Downstream keys (DSK’s) are used for Astons, logos and for rolling credits. â€Å"Back to the Movies† The chosen type of live studio programme that Group 3 chose to make was a quiz show. This was chosen because the majority of programmes being made by the other groups were late night chat shows, so a quiz show would stand out more from the others, as well as also providing more of a challenge to make. Quiz shows need to be spontaneous and can be unpredictable when it comes to people answering questions and what will be said. A good deal of the content is scripted, but the guests cannot be given scripted answers, as this would make the idea of the quiz fake. This meant that guests on the programme would not be able to rehearse all of the rounds or hear the questions that they would be answering in advance, so that they would not know them during the live broadcast. This means that cameras would not know which people to frame and focus in advance, nor would the director or vision mixer know who would need to be shown on the programme, until the guest buzzed in. This makes for harder work than a fully scripted programme, as well as impulsive shots to be taken by the camera operators and vision mixer. Being on a film course, the quiz show was decided to be based upon film questions, and separated into four rounds: †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Quick-fire† round – random film questions, teams buzz in to answer. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Guess the Odd One Out† round – each team is shown four images of film celebrities. They need to guess who is the odd one out and why. â€Å"Guess What Happens Next† round – each team is each shown two film clips. Using their imagination instead of knowledge, they need to guess what happens next. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Movie Tagline† round – Each team is given different taglines from films, they need to guess what the film is. The director instructed that as a contestant spoke, the vision mixer would select the appropriate camera set up to capture the action. This involved a lot of quick switchin g, because during the quick-fire rounds, any of the four contestants could be answering. This meant that for this round, one of the three cameras needed to be on Team 1, another on Team 2, and the other camera on the Presenter at all times, because any of the teams could be answering the questions, and depending on the length of their answer, the action may switch back to the presenter. The presenter sits in the middle of the set, with a team of two guests to either side of him. The presenter has two buzzers to himself; one with the noise signalling a wrong answer, and the other making a noise to signify that the answer to the question is right. To make things easier for knowing who to switch to, the teams each had a separate buzzer noise, so that the director, cameras and vision mixer would realise who was about to speak, before they began. â€Å"Back to the Movies† starts with a fade from black to the opening 30 second VT on channel 4. The last ten seconds of the VT are counted down, and the establishing shot of the set is set up ready on the preview screen, through channel 2. The title graphics naming the show are faded onto the screen at this point, using the downstream key. They are faded back out, and a direct cut is made to show a shot of the audience clapping. Another direct cut is made to show the presenter, whilst his name is faded on and off screen, followed by direct cuts to introduce the teams, and again the graphics are faded in to show their team names. Direct cuts are used mostly throughout the show, as the cuts need to be quick and often you do not know in advance who will be the next to speak. The only fades used are for the graphics, VT’s and at the start and end of the show, when the programme is faded to black. Conclusion The idea of a quiz show was different to the more expected late night chat show that seemed to be a favourite among most students. It also provided more of a challenge because of its unpredictable nature that kept the crew on their toes at all times, and helped things to be less tedious. New guests each time helped to keep the atmosphere fresh during rehearsals. The only hindrance with â€Å"Back to the Movies† was the lack of cameras within the studio, as there were some shots that were just not doable with only three cameras and five people on set.

Jack Chicks The Prophet :: Islam Religion Comic Papers

Jack Chick's The Prophet If one were asked to comment on influential and powerful pieces of literature, one would expect the usual suspects to come to mind. There are those time-honored classics found in bound, leather volumes that are on everyone's bookshelves. Many celebrated contemporary works have the distinction of having been awarded a Nobel or Pulitzer Prize. It was not really until Art Spiegelman's Pulitzer Prize winning Maus (Parts I and II) that we could realize the awesome power of literature in a comic form. Literature in any form is also a double-edged sword. It can incise like a scalpel or detonate like a bomb. The endless rearrangement of twenty-six letters to form words represents both thought and action. Both have the potential to be positive or negative. The Chronicles of the Learned Elders of Zion, an apocryphal and fraudulent anthology, helped stir up anti-Semitic strife in a pre-Holocaust Europe. In a mere thirty-two pages, Jack Chick's comic, The Prophet, conveys much the same attitude as that which dominated the fascist landscape of the Nazi Reich less than six decades ago. The Prophet is nothing more than a disgusting piece of rubbish and propaganda. The assertions made about the origins, history, and motivations of Islam are so ridiculous, that at some point one cannot help but laugh at the stupidity needed to write such trash. This makes Chick's work both comic and tragic. Unfortunately, free speech even applies to the ignorant and those consumed with hatred. On the other h and, freedom of thought allows us to evaluate, criticize, and reject them. The story begins with the civil war in Beirut, Lebanon in the early 1980's. It is here that a reporter is terrorized by the stereotypical wild-eyed Muslim fundamentalist. Before the reporter's "enlightenment" by the warped Dr. Alberto Rivera, he neatly sums up the situation in the Middle East as most Americans have been trained to do - dismissing everyone there as being crazy and giving up on even an iota of understanding (Chick, Jack T., The Prophet, P. 3-4). Luckily, Dr. Rivera is at the terminal snackbar so he can make sense of all of human history. His story is so convoluted that he manages to solve more mysteries than Matlock and Columbo did I their entire television careers. The only question that remains at the end of his idiotic expose is: Where was he when the Warren Commission needed him?

Ethical Issue of the Contraceptive Mandate Essay

The issue of the contraception mandate may be one of the biggest political stories of the year. It is a law brought forward by the Obama administration that requires all employers to offer contraceptive coverage. This has been a requirement for all company healthcare coverage programs for many years already but religious affiliates have been exempt from following the rules. Obama is looking to change all that by requiring even religion-based employers, who have previously not offered coverage, to participate. Such services required by the contraception mandate will violate some of these religion-based employers’ moral conscience. Rule: From the contraception mandate issue, two opposing ethical rules are rights and justice/fairness. From Velasquez’s Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases, the rights rule is â€Å"an individual’s entitlement to something.† It can address the contraception mandate from both an individual and a corporate issue. The rights rule is being processed more from the religious-based employers point of view. The justice/fairness rule being discussed in this case brief is the egalitarianism view. Egalitarianism is â€Å"every person should be given exactly equal shares of a society’s or a group’s benefits and burdens.† It addresses the contraception mandate from a systemic issue Analysis: 1. Rights: Religious institutions do not want to have to cover birth control in their insurance plans for employees. Such services required by the contraception mandate will violate these religion-based institutions’ moral conscience. Thus, the contraception mandate can be viewed as an obstruction of the constitutional rights presented in the First Amendment. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution reads as following: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† In the First Amendment, all individuals are entitled to freedom of religion. Many of the religion-based institutions claim that the first amendment allows people the freedom to follow their religious convictions and that they cannot be forced to act against them. The government through the contraception mandate is forcing constraints on the religious freedom of the religious affiliated institutions and their employees. 2. Justice/Fairness: The justice/fairness rule of egalitarianism will say the contraception mandate is about women’s health rights. According to an egalitarian, goods should be allocated to people in equal portions. Thus, all women should have access to equal healthcare services, including the contraceptive services. The egalitarianism view argues that supporting a rights rule would limit the whole population based on someone else’s moral ideals and not scientific medical information. Women, along with many men, want to have sex for non-procreative purposes despite â€Å"edicts† passed down by religious texts. Women should have access to contraceptives. Egalitarians also argue everyone is entitled to practice their own religion and refrain from taking birth control, but every employer is prevented from discriminating against their employees on the basis of religious freedom. The reversal of the contraception mandate would be a huge setback for women’s reproductive freedom. It would go back to say women’s bodies are not their own. Conclusion: In my opinion, I believe that the rights rule is the correct approach to the contraception mandate. All companies, excluding religion-based employers, before were required to provide contraceptive coverage. Now under the Health and Human Services contraception mandate, those religious-based employers are required to provide contraceptive coverage. The First Amendment promises the entitlement to religious freedom and the practicing religious convictions. I believe forcing this healthcare service onto religious affiliated institutions is obstructing their right to practice religious convictions, hence their moral convictions. The larger portion of employed women will already be covered prior to this contraception mandate. It is only the addition of employed women at religious affiliated institutions. I am inclined to think the female employees of religious affiliated institutions would share the same religious and moral views of that religious affiliated institution. If a religious affiliated institution believes it is morally accepting for the use of contraceptives, good for them. But for a religious affiliated institution that believes it is against their religious convictions to provide employees with contraceptives, the government should not have any authority to force such a mandate. Following political backlash for the contraception mandate, President Obama has since revised the original mandate. He has added an â€Å"accommodation,† somewhat like a clause, that allows the religion-based employers the opportunity to opt out and not have to directly cover birth control in their healthcare insurance plans. The insurance company hired to cover the religious affiliated institution’s employees cannot opt out. The insurers themselves would be required to make contraceptives available free of charge to women anyway. This is a clear political move to gain more favoritism in hopes of a reelection. I see this move by Obama as an attempted reversal of the mandate after viewing the religious opposition that was evoked by mandate. Also what Obama has failed to think of are the business implications of this new â€Å"accommodation†Ã¢â‚¬â€offering the contraceptives at no cost from the opted out religious affiliated employer and employees. Insurance companies will not offer this benefit at no cost; contraceptive drug companies will not offer the medicine at no cost; and doctors will not provide treatment without payment. The only logical conclusion, at least the short run, will result in higher healthcare insurance premiums. To have avoided religious invasion, political backlash, and increased insurance premiums, I logically propose the Obama Administration should simply give women without access to contraceptive services a federal voucher.

Tuberculosis in the Borough of Newham, the most affected area is east and the northern parts of Newham- London Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Tuberculosis in the Borough of Newham, the most affected area is east and the northern parts of Newham- London Contents Introduction: 3 Rationale: 4Discussion and Findings: 10 Determinants of Tuberculosis in an urban health set up   10   Consequences and implications of Tuberculosis 11 Policies, Prevention and Awareness: 13 Recommendation and Conclusion: 14 References: 15 Introduction: Tuberculosis, a disease infectious in nature, has affected almost one third of the world population and spread of this killer disease is growing steadily at a pace of 1% of the total population each year (World Health Organization, 2002). It was widely believed that Tuberculosis has affected the developing countries only because of the poor immune system they have undergone, but that turned out to be false (Dye et al, 1999). Tuberculosis has become a major threat in the UK over the past decade, and, although most developed countries have achieved substantial methods to reduce the spread of this disease, rates in the UK continue to rise (The Lancet, 201, p. 1431). The case of tubercolosis in Newham has been in the news for a long time. The disease has risen at an alarming rate and has become a concern for each and every inhabitant for their wellbeing. Entitled "Wellbeing in the East End, " the report calls attention to that under a third of the cases was around individu als who had existed in the range for short of what five years. We will write a custom essay sample on Tuberculosis in the Borough of Newham, the most affected area is east and the northern parts of Newham- London or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now It demonstrated that districts with high amounts of told TB cases, for example, Newham, Tower Hamlets and Hackney, were likewise those with higher than normal levels of hardship. Homelessness is an alternate variable. The report states that 25 percent of vagrants in London are contaminated with TB, however just around 2.5 percent show indications of the disease. The three precincts specified above likewise incorporate high amounts of vagrants. The frequency of HIV connected with TB is assessed at 7-8 percent in London, yet the report brings up this is most likely, a disparage. An itemized dissection of TB cases in London has demonstrated that 50 percent of sufferers were unemployed, five percent had encountered homelessness, in excess of seven percent mishandled liquor and seven percent were tainted with HIV. The way of the tuberculosis bacterium, with its waxy covering of unsaturated fats and lipids (fats), implies it needs determined and steady anti-infection medicine. The pills need to be taken for a time of six to nine months. The report states, "Adhering to and finishing a course of TB medication is trying in East London".

That Traumatic Events - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2885 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: PTSD Essay Did you like this example? Introduction It is no surprise that traumatic events can negatively impact an individual, yet many do not fully understand some of the repercussions that can follow them. While some events may happen suddenly and occur briefly, the aftermath can often be devastating and in some cases cause symptoms to delay or linger. The DSM-IV-TR classifies post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a disturbance, regardless of its trigger, that causes clinically significant distress or impairment in an individuals social interactions, capacity to work or other important areas of functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Any individual who undergoes a traumatic event is susceptible to developing symptoms of PTSD, yet several studies have found a significantly higher rate of the disorder among veterans who have served in the military. Furthermore, there are several risk factors that may attribute to the higher likelihood of developing the disorder. This paper will examine the history of PTSD according to DSM classification, range of risk factors and symptoms, as well as diagnosis and forms of treatment for the disorder. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "That Traumatic Events" essay for you Create order Historical Significance of PTSD Although traumatic experiences have long been a part of the human experience, mental or psychological effects of such events have not always been easy to identify. It was not until 1952 where the American Psychological Association began to piece together risk factors and symptoms that would one day be known as post-traumatic stress disorder. Friedman (2018) has asserted that the first development of PTSD spanned from the early DSM-I model and was originally known as gross stress reaction. Of this diagnosis, people were perceived as relatively normal, but had symptoms from traumatic events such as disaster or combat, and also assumed that reactions to trauma would resolve relatively quickly (Friedman, 2018). As years passed, descriptions of the disorder were modified or taken out of later revisions of the DSM model entirely. It was not until 1980 where PTSD was officially established and added to the DSM-III, which stemmed from research involving returning Vietnam War Veterans, Holocaust survivors, sexual trauma victims, and others (Friedman, 2018). It was at this point where researchers began to finally piece together the trauma of war and post-military life. It is important to also understand the complexity behind establishing mental illnesses and disorders. This is evident in the several DSM editions and continuous research of conditions that are not necessarily visible to the naked eye. For years, the reality of mental illness has often been overlooked and plagued with stigmas. Wide ranges of symptoms that are often found to be a result of other underlying conditions have often added to the intricacy and difficulty of understanding certain mental disorders and their origin. In other words, it has been common for individuals to be diagnosed with some form of a mental disorder due to presented symptoms that could have easily accounted for a different disorder. This was most likely more of a possibility in earlier stages of a disorders establishment. In earlier days, many people had conflicting ideas on what PTSD actually was and assumed that only war veterans were susceptible to developing a condition following a traumatic event. Goldman and Keegan (2018) stated the term shell shock came from World War I and was used to describe soldiers experiencing PTSD symptoms after being exposed to explosions of artillery shells. Before an official establishment of PTSD occurred in 1980, people did not understand that experiencing or fighting a war was only one piece of the puzzle, or did not realize many of the risk factors involved that attributed to the development of PTSD. Fast forward to today, the DSM-IV has outlined a more detailed and clearer line in terms of what constitutes a traumatic event and the criterion that must be established before diagnosing an individual with PTSD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Risk Factors Although the development of PTSD can manifest on its own simply from the trauma itself, there are often times at least one or several risk factors that lead to the increased likelihood of developing a specific disease or disorder. Xue et al. (2015) attributed various risk factors to the development of PTSD in veterans or military personnel to include female gender, ethnic minority status, low education, non-officer ranks, army service, combat specialization, high numbers of deployments, longer cumulative length of deployments, more adverse life events, prior trauma exposure, and prior psychological problems. Although the development of PTSD can be the result of other underlying factors in an individual, such as factors not associated with military combat or other service experiences, studies have suggested that these are some of the primary factors found. Furthermore, studies found the most common risk factors among veterans to be being younger at the time of the trauma, being female, being of a racial minority, being of a lower socioeconomic status (SES), and lack of social support (Xue et al., 2015). Furthermore, risk factors can also be divided into different categories. Gates et al. (2012) has asserted that three primary categories exist in terms of PTSD risk factors, to include individual-level (pre-trauma) factors, characteristics of the trauma, and post-trauma factors. Individual level factors may include earlier traumatic experiences in an individuals life and may often lead to a higher likelihood of an individual developing PTSD after experiencing later traumatic events. Peri-trauma factors or characteristics of a trauma include combat exposure, the severity of the trauma, and acute reactions to deployment-related adverse events, while post-trauma factors include individual comorbid psychological problems, social support, and subsequent stressful life events (Xue et al., 2015). Pre-trauma Factors Overall, any veteran or military personnel who experiences or witnesses a traumatic event can be more likely to develop PTSD. Yet, several studies have indicated a higher presence of the disorder among female veterans. For instance, one such study found that women generally have lower levels of combat exposure than men, but significantly higher rates of military sexual trauma, which is strongly associated with development of PTSD (Gates et al., 2012). Although this discovery may be the result of any number of things, many have developed stereotypes or unfounded opinions that this particular risk factor is the result of a females higher level of sensitivity or emotionality. Furthermore, several studies have identified an individuals ethnic status as a significant risk factor in developing PTSD. A major study consisting of both male and female veterans at a local VA facility concluded that PTSD was 20.6% among black veterans and 27.9% among Hispanic veterans, compared with 13.7% among white veterans (Gates et al., 2012). Ethnic status as a risk origin may also possibly be attributed to an individuals social or economic class, including level of education and Peri-trauma Factors Apart from pre-trauma factors, much of the actual trauma itself and an individuals environment at the time can significantly affect whether or not an individual develops symptoms of PTSD. In many cases, the environment where the trauma occurs can bring forth an increased likelihood of developing PTSD symptoms, such as level of fear or perceived risk of loss of life. Boden et al. (2015) has asserted that several studies exist that have shown elevated rates of PTSD symptomatology among individuals exposed to natural disasters, with those exposed to higher levels of potentially life-threatening events being at the greatest risk for developing PTSD symptomatology. While veterans may not have experienced actual natural disasters, similar environmental factors of them may exist such as the fear for ones life. Keane, Marshall and Taft (2006) have discussed further studies that found a small to medium weighted effect size (r = 0.26) for the strength of the relationship between perceived life threat and PTSD. In other words, there has been known correlation between an individuals perceived life threat and the likelihood that they will develop symptoms related to PTSD. Post-trauma Factors Another significant factor regarding the development of PTSD involves the period of time following a traumatic event. Depending on whether or not the fear or worry decreases post-trauma, importance also depends on the level of support that is available to the veteran. This may include family units, supportive friends or counseling availability. The sad reality is that many veterans do not have sufficient support to help carry them through the painful process of reliving traumatic events. Moreover, some veterans may also choose to turn down support or deny a problem exists, which may lead to worsening symptoms. On the contrary, individuals who exhibit symptoms of PTSD sometimes run the risk of destroying existing support systems or burning bridges between them. Further findings have supported the idea that interpersonal problems associated with PTSD negatively in? ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence ones support resource (Keane et al., 2006). As a result, individuals who destroy links between social support sources may cause symptoms to worsen or in some cases remain left untreated. Mental illnesses in general typically require the existence of strong support systems in order for a patient to improve or reach some form of management of the disorder. Symptoms In addition to risk factors, veterans or military personnel often exhibit a number of symptoms that help counselors or physicians confirm an actual PTSD diagnosis. Some of the common symptoms of the disorder include intrusive thoughts, recurrent dreams, flashbacks, distress, avoidance, sleep difficulties, irritability and anger, concentration problems and hyper-vigilance (Gates et al., 2012). While an individual will typically report or show more than one symptom, even a single symptom such as difficulty sleeping can often be a major sign that they are experiencing PTSD. Furthermore, symptoms may occur at any number of times following a traumatic event. In some cases, symptoms appear immediately following the event, while other times signs and symptoms are delayed or do not present themselves until much later. More specifically, veterans who experience PSTD-like symptoms long after a traumatic event are more than likely experiencing what is known as delayed-onset post-traumatic stress. Andrews et al. (2009) has stated that earlier revisions of the DSM classify delayed-onset PTSD as occurring when onset is more than 6 months after a traumatic event that fulfills the stressor criterion. In other words, these individuals move on after the traumatic event, but do not feel its impact until much later. Diagnosis According the DSM-IV, there are several criterion groups comprised of various symptoms that must be met in order for an individual to be clinically diagnosed with PTSD. National Center for PTSD (2018) has asserted that there are a total of eight criterion groups ranging from alphabetical categories A to H. Certain symptoms within each group are required in order for a patient to qualify of having the disorder (National Center for PTSD, 2018): Criterion A- Stressor: Involves direct exposure or witness of the trauma, or even indirect exposure to significant details of the trauma. Criterion B- Intrusive Symptoms: The traumatic event is constantly relived or revisited in one or more of the following ways: unwanted memories, nightmares, flashbacks, emotional distress following exposure to traumatic reminders. Criterion C- Avoidance: Individual attempts to avoid trauma-related stimuli, such as traumatic feelings or external reminders of the trauma. Criterion D- Negative Altercations in Cognitions and Mood: Individual experiences negative thoughts or feelings following the trauma, such as inability to recall key aspects of the trauma, blame towards self or others involved in the trauma, decreased interest in activities, feelings of isolation, or difficulty experiencing positive emotions. Criterion E- Alterations in Arousal or Reactivity: Individual experiences trauma-related arousal or reactivity in the form of irritability, aggression, destructive behavior, hypervigilance, increased startling reactions, difficulty concentrating or sleeping. Criterion F- Duration: Individual has experienced symptoms that have lasted for a period of more than 1 month. Criterion G- Functional Significance: Trauma-related symptoms have cause significant distress or functional impairment. Criterion H- Exclusion: Symptoms are not a result of medication, substance use, or any other illness (National Center for PTSD, 2018). It is important to note that an individual only needs to exhibit at least one of the symptoms above for each category, yet they must have experienced a symptom from each category or subgroup of criteria (National Center for PTSD, 2018). In other words, it is enough for a patient to only exhibit a few symptoms in only a few categories or they will not receive an official PTSD diagnosis. Furthermore, Treatment As is generally the case with any disorder or illness, treatment will vary depending on the individual in question. Of mental disorders, the saddening reality is that many individuals have a difficult time seeking help or even noticing the signs that they have a problem. It is often family members, friends or other life acquaintances who notice symptoms first. Unfortunately, societal stigmas have also played a major role in whether or not an individual decides to seek treatment for a mental illness. Furthermore, treatment for PTSD may also be dependent upon what resources are available to the veteran or at what point they decide to seek treatment, which can be impacted by the length of time the individual was suffering from symptoms. Depending on the severity of the symptoms, some veterans may benefit from one form of treatment, such as counseling services, whereas another individual may require several forms of treatment such as exposure therapy. For instance, exposure therapy for PTSD, the patient is guided through a vivid remembering of the trauma until extinction occurs, and is applied using in vivo and imaginal forms of exposure (Keane 2006). While exposure therapy is one of the more common forms of treatment for PTSD, other patients may benefit from other forms such as support groups or through the active management of anxiety or depression. Overall, treatment for any mental illness should not be perceived as a one-size-fits-all approach. What may work for one individual, might not be the case for another. For example, a veteran who had pre-existing risk factors may need more specialized treatment than someone who developed PTSD simply as a result of the trauma itself. Limitations Despite updated research involving PTSD as seen in later revisions of the DSM, various limitations still exist in terms of fully understanding the disorder. One primary limitation is the very complexity of being able to understand such mental illnesses, as psychological disorders can sometimes be tricky in terms of how they present themselves. Although symptoms are usually easy to categorize and are almost always helpful in reaching a definitive diagnosis, symptoms may still occur for any number of reasons and may sometimes be the result of something else entirely. For instance, a major limitation of available literature is the dearth of studies comparing the clinical presentation and etiology of delayed and more immediate forms of the disorder (Andrews et al., 2009). This is a prime example of complexity behind mental disorders and the many variations of specific conditions such as PTSD. Furthermore, another possible limitation concerning PTSD among veterans is the level of research that can be conducted within military environments, such as deployment zones or restricted areas. Considering the impact that these areas may have and how they are generally where actual traumas occur, there may be valuable information missing that could help researchers to better understand how these environments affect the likelihood of a veteran or military personnel developing PTSD. Additionally, further limitations may include the difficulties at the time of seeking treatment. Concerns about the potential implications of positive (or negative) screening results may lead to over- or underreporting of symptoms, depending on the individual and circumstances of testing (Gates et al., 2012). This could potentially be the result of an individual feeling guilt or shame and not wanting to admit known symptoms, or being so overwhelmed that they over-present their symptoms in order to get help. Furthermore, reliance on a single measure or assessment methodology may lead to inaccurate diagnosis in many cases and a large number of false positives and negatives (Gates, 2012). For this purpose, several measures may be necessary in order to reach a definitive diagnosis. As is the case with most mental illnesses, reliance on a single measure, such as a patient questionnaire, may not be enough to accurately diagnose the patient. Conclusion Overall, the diagnosis of PTSD and many other mental illnesses can prove to be very complex. There are several risk factors that attribute to the development of PTSD. Although any individual who experiences or witnesses a traumatic is susceptible to developing the disorder, several studies have found that veterans or military personnel are more likely in developing PTSD at some point, given the stressful and demanding nature of the military. Studies also presented several risk factors, yet gender, ethnic status, and social support were found to be the most common in terms of developing the disorder. Combined with unfortunate societal stigmas surrounding mental illness, many veterans feel that asking for help is a sign of weakness. In other cases, some individuals fail to see the warning signs or remain in denial that they have any such symptoms. This is where support may be come into play, and be often be the turning point for an individual experiencing PTSD. Although great strides have been made in better understanding PTSD, some limitations still exist such as the study of military environments (I.e. deployment zones or military base conditions). In order to better understand how veterans or military personnel are specifically affected by traumatic events, it may be useful to conduct further research on military environments and how they may impact the likelihood of developing PTSD, and whether or not it is these environments that play a major role in the PTSD diagnoses, or if more truth lies behind underlying risk factors.

The American Dream - 976 Words

The American Dream is the following; Go to college, get a good job, and finally get your own family. The concept of the American Dream is created by this value system. The American Dream is intended to be a way of life attainable to all Americans. The American dream once was having a family, a nice home and materialistic items. However, it revolves around the thought that anyone living in the United States can achieve something with the possibility of happiness and can have a successful life. The dream is to reach financial stability, having a family and career that makes you happy. Frist, when someone is first born that know their family. Family is where we start our life journey. The family shapes someone and helps them grow to†¦show more content†¦Others want a sense of importance throughout the day or gain through service of the people in this world some want to make a difference in life. The progress and actions taken by a person throughout a lifetime, especially those related to that persons occupations. A career is often composed of the jobs held, titles earned and work accomplished over a long period of time, rather than just referring to one position. While employees in some cultures and economies stay with one job during their career, there is an increasing trend to employees changing jobs more frequently. For example, an individuals career could involve being a doctor, and he provides service to the sick. He is than able to have financial stability for his family and self. Throughout life obstacles, it teaches that family will always love and be there for them through the good and bad. Everyone wants the best for their significant other. Whether what the dream it maybe. Everyone dreams are different and having their own family and doing things their way is one of them. Family is essential it keep you motivated focus and wishful. Next most people wish for financial stability through their career of choice. Throughout life their many things to explore when you have the financial means to do what you like. This proves that financial success is extremely critical in the pursuit of this dream. Although necessity may vary in differentShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? 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Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. 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The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

Reparation Of Sucrose Reducing Sugar Cane -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Reparation Of Sucrose Reducing Sugar Cane? Answer: Introduction Crystallization is the process of separating pure compounds from a mixture of impurities and is commonly used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. The formation of this crystalline structure requires less foreign molecules in its lattice, and thus an important task (Myerson, 2002). Sugar crystallization is being improved especially in the optimization part. This report explains the process of sugar crystallization using lab equipment and how the process can be optimized to further its efficiency. Objectives To crystallize raw sugar and optimize the process. Materials required beaker tongs water weight pen or pencil (for placing across the jars diameter) sugar (2 cups) glass stirring rod string wire mesh screen ring and stand Bunsen burner Beaker Procedure Day 1 Cut a string longer than the jars height Attach weight to bottom of string Use a tape to attach the string to a pen/pencil and place across the jars diameter, such that it reaches near the bottom of the jar Use water to wet the string. also apply a light coating of sugar to the string to act as the seed crystal. Hang the string to dry overnight. day 2 Put about of water into the beaker Place the ring on the stand at a height that makes it easy for the Bunsen burner flame to reach it. Put the wire mesh on the ring and place the beaker on top of it Put on the Bunsen burner flame and boil gently until the water starts to boil. Monitor the Bunsen burner as someone else goes for 2 cups of sugar. When the water is boiling, add a cup of sugar as you stir continuously using the stirring rod. Put the beaker back to boil as it can stop in the process of adding sugar. Extra caution when setting the flame to avoid burning the beaker. Slowly add the remaining amount of sugar when the mixture starts to boil again. after which return the beaker for a small boil. Confirm that all the added sugar has dissolved. Put off the flame and leave the beaker to cool for a few minutes. Avoid shaking or disturbing the beaker. Upon cooling, use the beaker tongs to pour the solution into the glass jar(S). Take the prepared strings and place them across the diameter of the jars. Carefully place the glass jars at the observation counter at the back without shaking its contents or alternatively leave it in its current position without disturbing it. Use soap and lots of water to wash off the beaker used. Create a data table to use to record your observations across the week. Results For purposes of dissolving the sugar, heat had to be applied. Increasing the temperature of the water increases its solubility rate and thus can hold more sugar content (Luo, 2018). The solution forms a super saturated solution when it cools, and still holds the sugar until crystallization starts to happen or if the beaker is agitated. Adding sugar to the beaker causes the water to stop boiling because addition of impurities increases the boiling point of water. Solutes form new bonds when added to a solvent thus more energy is needed to break down the bonds (Honig, 2013) . Crystal formation increased day by day across the week. With the crystals being harder and harder Optimization The process of sugar crystallization can be increased by using a seed crystal (Iswanto, 2006). Which is simply a crystal sample from which a bigger crystal can be obtained from in a laboratory. The light coating applied to the string before the start of the experiment accomplished this purpose. This procedure helps by avoiding the rather time consuming method of natural crystal formation. Optimization in the industries can be achieved by adding the seed in a supersaturated solution and then allowing it to cool (Washington, DC: U.S Patent No. U.S. Patent No. 3,981,739., 1974). when a control beaker (without seed) is used concurrently during the experiment it is observed that the control beaker takes a longer period to start forming the crystals when compared to the crystals formed in the jar containing the seed. The science behind this is the effect of intramolecular interactions physically on a supersaturated solution. Introduction of a seed crystal removes the need for random collis ions or interactions between the components and thus leads to the formation of a crystal lattice. This process of forming a crystal lattice in a solution from a solute is referred to as nucleation (Vesselinov, 2016). References Honig, P. (2013). Crystallization. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. Iswanto, N. H. (2006). The growth rate spread of sugar seed crystals. International sugar journal, 711-717. Luo, J. G. (2018). Separation of Sucrose and Reducing Sugar in Cane Molasses by Nanofiltration. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 18. Morris Dmitrovsky, A. H. (1974). Washington, DC: U.S Patent No. U.S. Patent No. 3,981,739. Myerson, A. (2002). Handbook of Industrial Crystallization. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann. Vesselinov, M. I. (2016). Crystal growth for beginners: fundamentals of nucleation, crystal growth and epitaxy. Singapore: World Scientific